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Ated with rapamycin [2, 37]. While genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM)s was one approach to a successful model system, the generation of PDTXs hold unique benefits as well. Within cancer, tumor heterogeneity exists and there may be multiple ways the same kind of cancer can arise [38, 39]. By creating PDTX models we can learn the similarities and differences between tumors that arose from different patients. We are also able to test tumors thathave become chemoresistant to specific compounds and uncover possible alternatives [40, 41]. Thus, PDTXs provide representative signaling involved in disease progression and therapeutic responses that recapitulate those seen in patients [39, 42?7]. This is a report of the first fully characterized humanized model of PACC. Our in vivo model of human PACC can provide a novel means to further investigate the genetic and cellular mechanisms of this disease. Hence, we confirmed that the PDTX tumors were composed of human acinar cell carcinoma cells via STR profile, corroboration of biomarker expression seen in PACC patient tissues [15?8] and secretion of lipase into the bloodstream [14, 48] (Additional file 1: Table S1; Figs. 1, 3). With this data, we concluded that the PDTX tumor model (PA-018) was representative of our patient's PACC, which provided the rationale for us to test multiple monotherapies based upon the patient'sHall et al. J Transl Med (2016) 14:Page 10 ofFig. 5 Oxaliplatin induces change in morphology and reexpression of digestive enzymes. a H E depicted morphological changes and increased cell size in PA018 after oxaliplatin treatment on endpoint tumor sections. There was also cytoplasmic retention of the digestive enzymes, amylase and lipase. Representative IHC was shown for placebo and oxaliplatin groups. Inlays are normal human pancreas. b Cytoplasmic amylase and lipase were quantitated by positive pixel count over area and plotted as mean ?standard deviation. **P Nelfinavir (Mesylate) toxicity of doxorubicin and the patient's cancer progressed. Similarly, the PDTX model demonstrated growth inhibition to liposomal doxorubicin but the overall outcome was not significant (P = 0.112) due to the tumor growing back after treatment ended (Fig. 2; Table 1). Bevacizumab, an angiogenesis inhibitor was briefly administered after the patient's metastatic disease had progressed but due to symptoms of confusion, the therapy was discontinued before the efficacy of the drug could have been assessed. In this study, we saw a statistically significant time to end point tumor volume (TTE) of bevacizumab treated mice(P = 0.0413) (Fig. 2; Table 1). These data leaves open the possibility of bevacizumab as an effective chemotherapy. We aimed PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17139194 to test standard treatments along with new rationally designed monotherapies. 5-FU and gemcitabine have both been clinically recommended chemotherapeutics for pancreatic cancer [49] and were added to this study to compare with drugs administered to the PA-018 patient. These two tr.